Phytochemical Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Mitragyna S Peciosa: Kidney, Liver and Delta-Opioid Receptor Expression in Rats

Abstract

Effect phytochemistry extract ethanol Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) was evaluated, with focus on its effects on the kidneys, liver, and expression delta-opioid receptor (DOR) in mice. Liquid Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) identifies mitragynine as the dominant alkaloid (46.47 ± 0.004 mg/g extract), together with with betaine, dibenzylamine, and sterols. Analysis histopathology disclose degeneration dose -dependent tubular necrosis, necrosis, and infiltration inflammation of the kidneys, together with with Liver sinusoidal disorders and cholangitis. Immunohistochemical staining show altered DOR expression in the cerebrum and cerebellum, correlated with partial opioid agonist activity mitragynine. Findings This highlight potential therapeutic and risk kratom organ lesion, which emphasizes the need optimization dosage and assessment security term long