Development of Lupeol fortified Fish Meal to Reduce Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Introduction: Lupeol is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid found in fruits and medicinal plants such as mangoes, olives, and aloe vera. It possesses strong antioxidant properties that help suppress inflammation and prevent diseases like cardiovascular conditions and diabetes. Lupeol also demonstrates anticancer effects by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and promoting apoptosis without harming normal cells. It enhances the body's antioxidant defense by stimulating enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, reducing oxidative stress linked to chronic illnesses and aging. In aquaculture, lupeol helps protect fish from oxidation, improving their health, shelf life, and the nutritional quality of fish-based food products.

Objectives: This study explores the antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of lupeol, aiming to enhance fish health, nutrition, and market value through its incorporation into fish feed.

Methods: Neem bark, rich in lupeol, was collected, sun-dried, powdered, and stored. Lupeol was extracted using hexane due to its non-polarity and high solvating power. A 1:10 ratio of bark to hexane was used. Cell disruption was achieved using a 42 kHz ultrasonic sonicator for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and distilled to remove hexane. TLC confirmed presence of lupeol, while UV-Vis spectrophotometry quantified it at 200 nm. DPPH assay tested antioxidant activity before and after lupeol was added to commercial and formulated fish feed. Tests like MDA, ammonia, and nitrate assessed oxidative stress and fish health improvements.

Results: The study demonstrated lupeol’s strong antioxidant properties through the DPPH assay, which showed increased activity with higher concentrations. A slight decrease in activity was noted when lupeol was added to commercial fish feed, likely due to ascorbic acid interference, which was mitigated by using homemade fish feed. Ammonia and nitrate tests showed reduced levels in lupeol-fed fish, indicating lower oxidative stress. Microbial analysis revealed fewer harmful bacteria, suggesting improved gut health. The MDA assay confirmed reduced lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Overall, lupeol effectively reduced oxidative stress and enhanced fish health, highlighting its potential as a natural antioxidant in aquaculture.

Conclusions: Lupeol in fish feed reduces oxidative stress, enhances immunity, boosts metabolism, and improves fish vitality. As a natural antioxidant, it offers a sustainable alternative to chemical additives. The study shows improved water quality and gut health, but further research is needed to optimize dosage and evaluate long-term, large-scale use.