"Solvent-Driven Variations in Moringa Oleifera Extracts: Implications for Diabetes Management"

Abstract

The present study explores the influence of solvent polarity on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts, using a successive maceration method with solvents of increasing polarity—hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. Phytochemical screening revealed that the type and concentration of bioactive compounds varied significantly with the solvent used. Ethyl acetate extract (MOLEaE) was particularly rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and saponins—key phytochemicals associated with therapeutic effects. Among all extracts, MOLEaE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 123.28 mg/ml) and anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 122.01 mg/ml), as well as notable α-amylase inhibition (64.09%), suggesting its potential utility in oxidative stress reduction and inflammation control, both crucial in diabetes management. Hexane extract (MOLHE), rich in non-polar steroids, showed limited antioxidant activity but moderate anti-inflammatory potential. Water and ethanol extracts displayed moderate activity due to the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The findings underscore the critical role of solvent selection in optimising the extraction of therapeutic phytochemicals. Ethyl acetate, a moderately polar solvent classified as Generally Recognised as Safe by the US FDA, emerged as the most effective solvent for isolating bioactive compounds with pharmacological relevance. Additionally, regional and environmental factors may influence the phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera, necessitating further in-vivo studies and clinical trials to validate efficacy, bioavailability, and safety of the extracts for future use in managing diabetes and related metabolic disorders.