Biochemical and Immunological Effects of Propiconazole at LD50 in Experimental Animals

Abstract

Introduction

Propiconazole is a systemic triazole fungicide commonly used in agriculture. Although its efficacy against fungal pathogens is well established, its biochemical and immunological effects at toxic doses remain underexplored. Understanding these effects is essential for assessing potential health risks associated with high-level exposure.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and immunological effects of propiconazole administered at LD₅₀ in experimental animals, focusing on liver and kidney function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune response using the Mancini radial immunodiffusion test.

Materials and Methods

Male and female Wistar rats (150–200 g) were divided into control and treatment groups. The treatment group received a single oral dose of propiconazole at 500–600 mg/kg (LD₅₀). After 24–72 hours, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical assays and histopathological examination. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT), kidney markers (creatinine, urea), lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides), glucose levels, and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx) were measured. Immunological analysis was conducted using the Mancini radial immunodiffusion technique.

Results

Biochemical analysis showed moderate alterations in liver function, with elevated AST levels, while ALT remained stable. Kidney function markers (creatinine and urea) were not significantly affected. Lipid metabolism was altered, as evidenced by decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Glucose levels were slightly elevated, suggesting minor disruption in glucose homeostasis. The RID test revealed a precipitation ring of 13 mm, corresponding to an antigen concentration of 2.0 µg/mL, indicating immunological activity. Histopathological analysis confirmed mild tissue alterations without severe organ damage.

Conclusion

At LD₅₀, propiconazole induces moderate biochemical and immunological changes, particularly affecting liver and lipid metabolism. However, kidney function and overall immune response appear to be preserved. These findings support the relatively low acute toxicity of propiconazole, while emphasizing the need for caution at high exposure levels.