Microplastics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review on Sources, Risks, and Sustainable Practices

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, are pervasive environmental contaminants with significant ecological and health implications. While much attention has been focused on the presence of microplastics in marine environments, air, and food chains, their occurrence and generation in healthcare settings, particularly in dentistry, have received limited investigation. Dentistry relies heavily on synthetic materials, including resin composites, acrylics, and impression materials, which contribute to microplastic generation during clinical procedures such as grinding, polishing, and trimming. Additionally, single-use plastic items, digital technologies, and improper waste disposal practices further exacerbate the problem. This narrative review explores the various sources of microplastics in dental practice, including dental materials, clinical procedures, and waste management, highlighting their potential routes of human exposure and environmental impact. Microplastics generated in dental settings may enter the body through inhalation, oral contact, ingestion, or even systemic absorption via nanoplastics, posing unknown long-term health risks. Furthermore, the environmental consequences are significant, with MPs contributing to pollution in waterways, landfills, and ecosystems, where they can accumulate in food chains and affect biodiversity. To address these concerns, the review discusses several strategies for reducing microplastic pollution, including the adoption of eco-friendly materials, the implementation of waste filtration and water management systems, and the reduction of single-use plastics. Additionally, the need for education and training among dental professionals, as well as research and regulatory changes, is emphasized to promote sustainable practices. Ultimately, this review underscores the importance of addressing the dental sector's role in microplastic pollution, offering practical solutions to help reduce its environmental footprint and improve sustainability in dental practice.