Human Metapneumovirus: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology and Pathogenesis
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: This review examines Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) virology, genetic diversity, pathophysiology, and immune evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, it assesses the clinical consequences, current treatment choices, and preventive strategies, including vaccine research.
Study Design: This study uses a narrative literature review to summarize known research on Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). It examines data from peer-reviewed publications to get insight into the virus's virology, pathogenesis, clinical impact, and therapeutic advances.
Methods: We undertook a comprehensive examination of peer-reviewed articles to collect data on HMPV virology, host interactions, and clinical outcomes. Several databases were searched for research articles on HMPV's epidemiology, molecular features, immunological response, and treatment approaches.
Results: HMPV is a leading cause of respiratory infections, especially in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. It employs immune evasion strategies such as interferon response suppression and immunological signaling manipulation. Genetic variation, particularly in the F and G proteins, influences reinfection and disease severity. While supportive care remains the mainstay of treatment, antiviral agents such as ribavirin and monoclonal antibodies are being investigated. Vaccine creation is difficult due to antigenic variety, but emerging techniques, such as mRNA and subunit vaccines, hold promise.
Conclusions: HMPV is a global public health concern, requiring additional study on virus-host interactions, diagnostic tools, and targeted therapies. Advances in molecular virology and immunology will be critical in creating viable vaccines and treatments to reduce the HMPV-related illness load.