From Algae to Antiviral an Auspicious Journey of Spirulina Over Decade: A Review

Abstract

Viruses are ubiquitous parasites that pose significant global health threats, compounded by a shortage of effective antiviral treatments and increasing resistance. Spirulina, a blue-green algae, has gained attention as a natural antiviral drug due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, including sulfated polysaccharides, phycocyanin, and gamma linolenic acid. This review examines the antiviral properties of Spirulina and its efficacy against various viruses such as HCV, SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HSV. Research indicates that Spirulina can inhibit viral replication, block viral entry, activate immune responses, and disrupt viral replication pathways. Notable studies demonstrate Spirulina’s ability to suppress HIV-1 replication in human T-cell lines, obstruct HSV-2 adsorption and penetration, and activate interferon gamma to prevent HCV replication. Furthermore, Spirulina extracts have shown broad-spectrum antiviral effectiveness against viruses such as influenza A (H1N1) and Ebola. Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a "superfood" for its nutritional benefits, Spirulina also exhibits significant immune-stimulating effects, enhancing its potential as an antiviral agent. Its diverse antiviral mechanisms and safety profile suggest it is a valuable natural resource for developing antiviral therapies. Spirulina’ s considerable antiviral properties, backed by multiple studies, highlight its potential as a biological resource for antiviral drug development. The findings emphasize the need for further research to explore its full potential in treating viral diseases. Spirulina’s multifaceted antiviral mechanisms, coupled with its nutritional benefits, make it an intriguing candidate for future antiviral therapies and preventive healthcare strategies.