Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Diabetic Patients towards Diabetes mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Demographic analysis in South Indian population

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes has emerged as a significant global health challenge, affecting approximately 415 million people in 2015, projected to rise to 642 million by 2040. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness, particularly among working-age adults, with nearly all diabetes patients developing some form within 20 years of diagnosis. In India, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy ranges from 7.3% to 25%, with urgent needs for improved screening and education. Early detection and strict glycemic control are crucial to preventing vision loss associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of diabetic patients regarding diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, and to identify barriers to adherence with recommended follow-up and treatment protocols.

Methods: This hospital-based study was conducted at a tertiary eye care centre in South India between March 2024 and August 2024. It included diabetic patients receiving treatment at the centre. The study aimed to assess the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and gather data on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.

Results:  The study involved 246 diabetic patients, with a majority aged 46-65 and predominantly female (55.9%). Knowledge of diabetes was good among 55.1% of participants, but only 37.76% were aware of diabetic retinopathy. Attitudes towards retinopathy were mixed, with 48.8% showing a positive outlook. Barriers to regular follow-ups included financial constraints (21.7%) and lack of time (35%). For eye check-ups, poor family support and long distances to hospitals were significant challenges, affecting adherence to recommended care.

Conclusions: This study emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive educational strategies that not only raise awareness of diabetic retinopathy but also encourage regular follow-ups and screenings. Engaging healthcare professionals across various specialties, utilizing mass media campaigns, and integrating health education into primary care can significantly improve outcomes for diabetic patients. Addressing these knowledge gaps and barriers is essential to reducing the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and ultimately preventing visual impairment and blindness in this vulnerable population. Future research should continue to explore the effectiveness of various educational interventions and their impact on managing diabetes.