The Toxicity of Tio2 at "Nanoscale and Microscale" On the Environment Through a Land Pollution Bioindicator, The Snail: Helix Aspersa

Abstract

Introduction: Living organisms inhabiting soil are exposed to various fluctuations in abiotic factors, as well as chemical contamination of the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Consequently, these organisms have to cope with multiple disturbances. Small particles, especially nanoparticles, are increasingly incorporated into everyday consumer products and may even exist in the environment.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the toxic effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on Helix aspersa, a pollution bioindicator, and compare their effects

Methods: The treatment involved the oral administration of increasing doses (1 mg/g, 2 mg/g, and 3 mg/g) of nano-TiO₂ and micro-TiO₂ in the diet for four weeks. The hepatopancreas was used to analyze variations through the exchange of primary metabolites (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and histological modifications.

Results: The results indicated that both treatments caused a disruption of primary metabolite metabolism with a decrease in total carbohydrates and lipids, and an increase in total proteins. The increase in protein levels was higher in those treated with micro-TiO₂. The histological study revealed that TiO₂ NPs and MPs induced dose-dependent very serious tissue damage, including necrosis, degeneration of connective tissue and tubular membranes, inflammations, inflammatory infiltrates, and lysis of different tubular cells.

Conclusions: Although the effects of nanoparticles are more pronounced than those of microparticles, it can be concluded that metal oxides are toxic substances that can induce metabolic disturbances, and their accumulation may lead to tissue damage.