Advanced Applications of Photoacoustic Tomography in Biomedical Imaging and Biological Research: A Review

Abstract

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a groundbreaking imaging technique that combines optical and ultrasound technologies to produce high-resolution images of biological tissues. This method takes advantage of the photoacoustic effect, where light absorbed by tissues causes them to expand slightly, generating ultrasound waves that are then used to create detailed images. PAT has shown great promise in both medical and research settings due to its ability to offer clear images at various depths. This review provides an in-depth look at how PAT works, including its key processes: light absorption, ultrasound wave generation, and signal detection. It also covers recent advancements, such as multispectral optical tomography (MSOT), which uses different light wavelengths for more detailed imaging, and photoacoustic endoscopy, which allows for minimally invasive internal imaging. The integration of deep learning techniques has further improved image quality and speed. PAT's applications range from detecting cancer and assessing cardiovascular conditions to studying neurological disorders and exploring biological research in animals and plants. However, challenges remain, including technical complexities, the need for standardized protocols, and regulatory issues.