Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections (CIED): Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention - A Systematic Review

Abstract

Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections, though rare, pose significant clinical challenges due to their association with high morbidity and mortality. This comprehensive review synthesizes current literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of CIED infections. The review identifies key risk factors such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, and previous device infections, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis through clinical assessment, blood cultures, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies highlight the necessity of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and complete device removal to prevent recurrence. Preventive measures, including perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and the use of infection-resistant devices, are critical in reducing infection rates. This review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach and ongoing research to enhance diagnostic tools, treatment protocols, and preventive strategies, ultimately aiming to improve patient outcomes in the context of CIED infections.