Theoretical Concepts for the Morphology Study of Insects Using Topological Descriptors

Abstract

Since they aid in the pollination of sexually reproducing plants and boost agricultural yields for human consumption, insects are a crucial component of the ecosystem's fauna. The current work's primary goal was to determine the order of insects by computing a number of topological characteristics (TDs). These indices were first used to establish the order of insects by analysing the wings of diverse insect species. A wing graph has been created and utilised worldwide for the first time. The wings of Drosophila, Cicada, Apis, and Musca species were amputated and utilised to make durable slides. Several vertices (points where venation overlaps) and edges were used to evaluate the venation systems of various wings (part of vein between two vertices). Wing graphs were made using photos of the wings, and the researched indices were identified. This study is significant for future research because insects can be identified and the order of insects may be established using these indices. For a certain insect order, the values of a few topological descriptors were calculated. This work will be crucial in the future since using these indices enables the distinction of insects and the identification of insect order. The first and second Zagreb indices, the F-index, the reformulated and modified Zagreb indices, the symmetric division index, the inverse sum index, the harmonic index, and the augmented Zagreb index are all found in this work. The results on these topics relate to both theoretical and empirical data on their symmetry properties.