Examining the interaction between gender norms and HIV risk-reduction practices in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, India using the HIV and AIDS Risk Assessment and Reduction Model

Abstract

The global HIV/AIDS fight is progressing; however, rural women, particularly in India, continue to face the devastating consequences of HIV and AIDS. Lack of knowledge and geographical barriers to HIV services are exacerbated by gender norms, which frequently limit the negotiation of safe sexual practises among rural women. The findings of a qualitative study conducted in rural India examining factors that influenced women to engage in HIV risk-reduction practises are discussed in this paper. The study's findings resulted in the development of an HIV and AIDS risk assessment and reduction (HARAR) model, which is described in detail. The model contributes to a better understanding of the gender-related factors that influence men and women to engage in risk-reduction practises, and it can be used as a framework in other settings to design more nuanced and contextual policies and programmes. Because there is little evidence on how individuals work within existing societal norms to lower HIV risk, this study investigated the particular variables encouraging men and women to reduce their HIV risk in rural villages of Uttar Pradesh, India. To investigate gender norms, HIV risk determinants, and risk reduction responses, qualitative data were collected from 160 participants via 29 in-depth interviews. The findings were examined utilising grounded theory adaptations and constant comparative analysis. Men and women who actively reduce their risk of HIV infection see their partner's approval of condom use and an HIV test as proof of emotional intimacy in the relationship. Other elements that influence risk reduction attempts include different levels of influence from family or peers, prior experience, interpersonal dynamics, and a reflection of larger personal results.