A Study on the Clinical Profile and Outcome in Term Neonates with Respiratory Distress Within 72 Hrs of Life.

Abstract

Background: Neonatal respiratory distress (NRD) poses a significant threat to newborns, contributing substantially to global neonatal mortality rates, especially in developing nations. Despite advancements in neonatal care, there is a notable gap in literature regarding the clinical profile and outcomes of term neonates experiencing respiratory distress within the first 72 hours of life. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of term infants with respiratory distress admitted to a tertiary care hospital's Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Salem, Tamil Nadu.

Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of this prospective observational study is to offer an understanding of the clinical profile and short-term outcomes in term neonates with respiratory distress within the initial 72 hours of life. Specific aims include examining varied manifestations, associated factors, and elucidating the short-term consequences and prognosis. The study intends to inform better clinical practice and enhance healthcare strategies for improved outcomes in this vulnerable neonatal group.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the NICU of VMKV Medical College and Hospital, the study spanned over a duration of 1 year. The sample comprised of 100 term neonates with respiratory distress admitted within 72 hours of birth. Data collection involved standardized proformas, including demographic and clinical information of neonates and mothers. Ethical approval was obtained, and data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Transient tachypnea of newborn (55%) and meconium aspiration syndrome (32%) emerged as the two most frequent causes of respiratory distress, while respiratory distress syndrome (7%), acyanotic congenital heart disease (3%), and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (3%) were less common. Nearly 17% of neonates required mechanical ventilation, and 15% needed Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). All term neonates with respiratory distress were treated successfully, with no reported deaths in the study cohort.

Conclusion: This study significantly advances our understanding of the clinical dynamics and short-term outcomes for term neonates experiencing early respiratory distress. The absence of reported deaths in the cohort indicates the effectiveness of the care provided. Improved newborn care, including vigilant monitoring, prompt interventions, and specialized treatments such as mechanical ventilation, played a pivotal role in achieving favourable outcomes and a commendable survival rate.

The findings prompt considerations for broader population-based studies to validate and extend these insights. Additionally, the emphasis on follow-up care post-discharge could unveil the long-term implications of respiratory distress in neonates. Recommendations for enhanced prenatal care and the establishment of well-equipped Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) reinforce the need for a comprehensive and proactive approach to neonatal respiratory care, with a potential impact on global neonatal health outcomes.