A Descriptive Anatomical Study of the Peritoneum with Special Reference to the Greater and Lesser Sac in Human Cadavers

Abstract

Background:

The peritoneum is a vital serous membrane forming the largest cavity in the human body, consisting of the greater sac and the lesser sac (omental bursa). Detailed knowledge of these compartments is essential in both surgical anatomy and Ayurvedic conceptualizations of abdominal disease. Despite its clinical importance, anatomical documentation of the greater and lesser sacs in cadaveric studies remains limited, especially within Ayurvedic medical education contexts.

Objective:

To examine the structural variations, morphometric characteristics, and clinical relevance of the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs in human cadavers, and to relate these observations to Ayurvedic anatomical principles concerning abdominal divisions and disease localization.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive cadaveric study was conducted in Department of Anatomy/ Rachana Sharir, Government Ayurvedic College & Hospital,Patna, Bihar and other medical colleges concerned department. A total of 120 formalin-embalmed adult cadavers were dissected using a standardized protocol. Observations focused on the extent, communication, boundaries, and variations of the greater and lesser sacs, including the foramen of Winslow and associated peritoneal folds.

Results:

The greater sac extended uniformly from the diaphragm to the pelvic cavity, while the lesser sac exhibited marked variation in shape and size. The foramen of Winslow was patent in 98% of cases. Accessory peritoneal folds, adhesions, and variant recesses were observed in 12% of specimens. Measured parameters included the anteroposterior depth and transverse width of both sacs, revealing statistically relevant morphometric variation. The findings also correlated with Ayurvedic descriptions of abdominal segmentation relevant to conditions such as Udara Roga.

Conclusion:

The study highlights significant morphological and dimensional variability of the peritoneal compartments, particularly the lesser sac. Such knowledge is vital for abdominal surgical planning and enhances interdisciplinary understanding between Ayurvedic anatomical frameworks and contemporary medical science. Recognition of these peritoneal structures may improve the anatomical teaching models used in Ayurvedic institutions and inform clinical practices involving abdominal pathology.