Bioactive Treasure: Phytochemical Analysis of High-Altitude Tartary Buckwheat from Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

Introduction: The introduction highlights the resurgence of interest in wild edible plants for their nutritional and medicinal properties, focusing on Fagopyrum tataricum, also known as Tartary buckwheat. Found in the Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, this plant boasts remarkable adaptability and health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Its gluten-free nature, high fiber content, and abundance of bioactive compounds make it a promising candidate for functional foods and beverages. The research aims to explore its phytochemical composition and formulate products that maximize its health benefits, offering a holistic solution for improving overall health outcomes and promoting well-being.

Objectives: The objective of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of bioactive compounds in Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum, focusing on polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, to assess their potential health benefits and antioxidant properties, particularly comparing the rutin content between the two species.

Methods: The study conducted a detailed survey across 10 villages to assess the consumption patterns of wild edible species. Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum were collected from high and low altitudes, respectively, in Himachal Pradesh. Plant materials were extracted with 50% ethanol and subjected to qualitative phytochemical analyses for various secondary metabolites. Additionally, rutin content in leaves was determined using HPLC after extraction with methanol. The method involved sonication, filtration, and dilution steps to prepare samples for HPLC analysis with a mobile phase of methanol: acetic acid (1%). Rutin content was calculated based on retention times, contributing to the characterization of these plants' bioactive components.

Results:

The survey indicated a high consumption rate of wild edible plants, with approximately 60% of the population incorporating them into their diets at least once a week, sourced mainly from natural habitats. Urban residents relied more on local vendors, highlighting a thriving market for these edibles. Qualitative analysis revealed varying levels of bioactive compounds, with flavonoids and phenolics strongly present in both Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum esculentum. Glycosides were abundant in F. tataricum leaves and F. esculentum seeds. Rutin content, determined by HPLC, was significantly higher in F. tataricum leaves (19.93%) compared to F. esculentum (3.69%), showcasing its potent antioxidant potential. This suggests the nutritional and medicinal significance of these wild edible plants, particularly F. tataricum, in promoting cardiovascular health and overall well-being.

Conclusions: This study unveils rich bioactive profile of Fagopyrum tataricum, notably its high rutin content, emphasizing its potential for health promotion. The findings highlight the plant's traditional significance and underscore the importance of preserving biodiversity in the Himalayan region. Overall, this research contributes to understanding wild edible plants' potential for enhancing human health and presents opportunities for innovative, health-promoting products.