Chalcone Hybrids: Potential Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Candidates

Abstract

Chalcone hybrids, derived from the fusion of chalcone scaffolds with additional chemical moieties, have emerged as promising candidates in the quest for novel antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This review explores the synthesis, structural characteristics, antimicrobial activities, antioxidant properties, challenges, and future perspectives of chalcone hybrids in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Mechanistically, chalcone hybrids exhibit antimicrobial action through inhibition of essential microbial processes, biofilm formation, and modulation of host immune responses. Their antioxidant activity stems from free radical scavenging, metal chelation, modulation of enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, and anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and potent antioxidant efficacy of chalcone hybrids, highlighting their potential for therapeutic intervention in infectious diseases and oxidative stress-related disorders. However, challenges such as bioavailability, selectivity, formulation, and regulatory approval pose obstacles to their clinical translation. Future research directions encompass structural optimization, target identification, combination therapy, nanotechnology applications, and clinical trials to overcome these challenges and realize the full therapeutic potential of chalcone hybrids. Furthermore, the multifunctional nature of chalcone hybrids suggests broader therapeutic applications beyond antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, underscoring their versatility in addressing various health conditions. Overall, chalcone hybrids represent a promising avenue for drug discovery and development, offering hope for improved treatments and better outcomes in the management of infectious diseases and oxidative stress-related ailments.