Cervical Cancer: Disease prevalence,Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Newer modalities of Screening and Management

Abstract

Cervical cancer stands as the second most prevalent cancer affecting women globally, particularly impacting regions with lower economic means. In India, it remains the leading malignancy among women for the past two decades, with its highest occurrence seen in women aged 55 to 59. The National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) indicates that breast and cervical cancers are the most common malignancies in females. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a significant role in cervical cancer development, especially in women without other gynecological issues. Socioeconomic factors such as low income, limited education, and higher parity contribute to increased vulnerability.In developed countries like the United States, screening efforts primarily involve HPV testing and Pap smears, which detect abnormal cytology and HPV exposure. Lifestyle factors such as early sexual activity, multiple partners, menstrual hygiene practices, and lack of protection during sexual encounters are closely associated with cervical cancer incidence. Prevention strategies include health education, behavioral interventions, legislative actions, and encouraging better healthcare-seeking behaviors.Cervical cancer is largely preventable through primary prevention methods and screening, which significantly reduce the burden of the disease and mortality. Global collaboration is essential to achieve the 90-70-90 objectives by 2030, aiming to eliminate cervical cancer. This concerted effort is crucial for the long-term eradication of the disease.