Standardization of Simplicia and Extracts of Arabic Bidara (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) And Tree Saga (Adenanthera pavonina L.) Leaves

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to standardize simplicia and extracts of Arabic bidara (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) leaves and tree saga (Adenanthera pavonina L.) leaves. The standardization of the simplicia includes determination of water soluble essence content, ethanol soluble essence content, water content, drying shrinkage, total ash content, heavy metal contamination (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As), total aflatoxin, total plate number, and yeast mold number. The standardization of extract includes determination of water soluble essence content, ethanol soluble essence content, drying shrinkage, total ash content, total plate number, yeast mold number, phytochemical screening, and total phenol levels. The results of simplicia standardization showed that the simplicia of Ziziphus spina-christi L. leaves and Adenanthera pavonina L. leaves had water soluble essence content of 40 ± 0% and 46.67 ± 11.547%, ethanol soluble essence content of 33.33 ± 11.547% and 20 ± 0%, water content of 0.1259 ± 0.01296 % and 0.2106 ± 0.0278%, drying shrinkage of 2.33 ± 0.2929 % and 2.26 ± 0.2778%, total ash content of 7.4% and 8.64%, Pb of 2.613 ± 0.097 mg/L and 2.483 ± 0.097%, As of 0.051 mg/L and 0.116 mg/L, Cd of 0% and 0%, metal Hg of 0% and 0%, total aflatoxin of 0 mg/L and 0 mg/L, total plate number of 0.27 x 107 colonies/mL and 0.5 x 107 colonies/mL, and yeast mold number of 2.3 x 107 colonies/mL and 0.4 x 107 colonies/mL. Both ethanol extracts contain polyphenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and anthraquinones. Total phenol levels of ethanol extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi L. leaves and Adenanthera pavonina L. of 426.98 ± 0.50 mgGAE/g and 574.47 ± 0.50 mgGAE/g, respectively. From all standardization parameters, simplicia and extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi L. and Adenanthera pavonina L. were suitable with the Ministry of Health or BPOM Indonesia standards.