The Role of Hypoxia-Associated Genes in the Pathogenesis of Various Diseases and Therapeutic Targets: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hypoxia, characterized by low oxygen levels, induces a complex cellular response mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and involves modulation of various signaling pathways and gene expression patterns. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia, emphasizing hypoxia-associated genes and their implications in different diseases. Key findings include the pivotal role of HIF proteins in arranging cellular adaptation to low-oxygen environments, the involvement of chromatin modifications in hypoxia response, and the identification of hypoxia-associated genes such as NF-KB, HIF1α, HK, PFKL, and PIM1. These genes play crucial roles in cancer progression, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, and liver diseases. Understanding the functions of these genes is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Targeting hypoxia-related pathways and genes holds promise for novel treatment options and may provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis. Further research is warranted to elucidate hypoxia-associated genes’ intricate interactions and regulatory networks in disease progression and treatment resistance.