Bias in Estimating the Cross-sectional Smoking, Alcohol, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Associations with Periodontitis at Adult

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is chronic inflammation of the gum tissue caused by the presence of subgingival microorganisms present in the oral cavity. Periodontitis is begun with the spreading of gingivitis to dental structures such as cementum, periodontium, and alveolar bone. In many situations, systemic factors may cause chronic periodontitis by manifesting as systemic disease, such as diabetes mellitus. These situations occur in society, especially for those who smoke and consume alcohol.

Purpose: This case report aims to describe the condition periodontal disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus who habitually smoke and consume alcohol. Cotinine and nicotine found in saliva and crevicular fluid due to cigarette use might impact tissue damage in periodontal disease. Additionally, alcohol can hinder T-cell function and neutrophil chemotaxis, potentially modifying immune responses and elevating the risk of periodontitis. In individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, the immune system and cellular functions are getting weakened which can inhibit tissue repair and destruction of bacteria that could increase severity of periodontal conditions. These connections become our concerns to be explored about how these things relate to each other.

Methods: In this study, past scientific articles are taken from trusted scientific databases then filtered until there are only remaining scientific articles that are related with the topic. Articles submitted have been published a maximum of ten years ago, but past articles discussing certain topics that are considered still relevant are used in this review. Explorations due to these relations will figure the connections of causation between alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis.

Result: Bad habit such as smoking and alcoholism could manage the severity of gingival abnormality from gingivitis stage to periodontitis, especially in immunocompromised diabetes mellitus type 2 patients.