The Complex Landscape of HIV-1: Clinical Correlates, Genomic Muta-tions, and Evolutionary Alignments

Abstract

O The HIV-1 epidemic in Pakistan remains to be a danger to the public's health. The number of individuals afflicted with HIV-1 has been steadily rising since the discovery of the first case in 1987. We used 148 HIV-1 infected patient specimens with high viral loads and were involved in the study. Out of 148, we included 37 patients 26 Men and 11 women. There were more men than women among the HIV-positive participants in this study (n = 79.27%). Patients older than 38-45 made up the largest percentage of positive cases (56.7%). We go through the patient’s medical record including, treatment, and clinical parameters. In which we found newly positive patients n=28, 75.67% with no treatment. A significant difference was found in TLC of the untreated group and untreated group (8.42 ± 2.05, 5.41 ± 1.37), and PLT (192.7 ± 23.45, 165.4 ± 13.62) whereas a general decrease in the prevalence of HB (10.01 ± 0.77, 12.8 ± 0.92) HIV1 positive patients. The findings of this study suggest that a significant difference was found in untreated group and untreated group ALT (43.32 ± 36.78, 31.5 ± 28.21), AST (35.11 ± 13.42, 29.7 ± 6.77), Urea (41.3 ± 5.45, 19.4 ± 3.21) Creatinine (1.12 ± 0.43, 0.8 ± 0.12). We identified mutations in the genomic regions of HIV-1 against sequence-1 (Pro118Met, Leu193phe, Ser440Tyr, and Thr499IIe). Sequence-2 (Glu47Lys, Cys131Glu, Lys231Glu, Thr455Val). Sequence-2 (Tyr7His, Pro120Arg, Ser143Pro, Glu321Thr, Asn386Tyr). In this study, 26 nucleotide sequences were used, and the finished sample contained 1670 locations altogether. In MEGA 11, evolutionary studies were carried out. Sequence 2 and Sequence 3 showed the closest evolutionary relationship. Our amplified sequences aligned their mutual evolutionary relationship with sequences such as AB773885, AB254156, A04321, AF042105, and AB032740 retrieved from China, Japan, France, Australia, and Thailand extended from the same node. The findings of this study might be beneficial for future large-scale investigations on subtyping, sequencing, distribution, and the manufacture of drugs.