Adsorptive Removal of Noxious Nickel Ions from Aqueous Mediums Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Comparative Assessment with an Eco-friendly Adsorbent as Well as Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling

Abstract

In the present study, natural and synthetic adsorbents were used to remove nickel ions through the adsorption process. First, TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared through the sol-gel method. The synthesized samples were then characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET). The influences of different operational parameters including adsorbate content, pH, adsorbent concentration, contact time, ionic strength, and stirring speed were also explored. According to the results, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model showed the best performance in evaluating the experimental data when using both adsorbents. The adsorption of nickel cations by the thin film membrane on the surface of TiO₂ NPs is a rate-determining step of the removal reaction. The removal rate constants of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by TiO₂ NPs and pomegranate peel were evaluated to be 0.013 and 0.018 g mg^-1 min^-1, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were also determined. Nickel removal processes in all cases were endothermic and spontaneous. The removal mechanism also followed physical adsorption. Equilibrium data were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. The results showed that the adsorption of Ni²⁺ on TiO₂ NPs and pomegranate peel followed Freundlich and Temkin isothermal models, respectively. Based on the calculated removal percentage, TiO₂ is a better adsorbent for removing Ni²⁺ from the aqueous medium as compared to pomegranate peel.