Nanoemulgel Based Drug Delivery System: Advances in Formulation Design, Skin Penetration Mechanism and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

Topical and transdermal drug delivery systems are widely utilized for treating localized and chronic skin conditions due to their non-invasive nature, which enhances patient adherence and minimize systemic side effects. However traditional topical formulations like creams, ointments, and gels often encounter significant challenges including poor drug solubility, limited skin penetration, formulation instability, and low retention at the application site. These issue can ultimately compromise therapeutic effectiveness.  The advent of nanotechnology based delivery systems has provided promising solutions, with nanoemulgel emerging as a noteworthy hybrid formulation. Nanoemulgel are semi-solid systems are created by embedding a nanoemulsion within a gel matrix, thus leveraging the benefits of both components. The nanoemulsion improves drug solubility, increases surface area, and facilitates better skin penetration, while the gel base contributes favorable rheological characteristics, enhanced spreadability, and extended residence time on the skin. The review addresses skin structure, barrier properties, and drug penetration mechanisms to elucidate the improved dermal and transdermal delivery provided by nanoemulgel. Essential physicochemical and evaluation metrics, such as droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, drug content, and stability. Additionally, the potential pharmaceutical applications of nanoemulgel in areas such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and natural product therapies are examined. In conclusion, nanoemulgels offer a versatile and innovative approach with significant promise for future clinical and commercial use in topical and transdermal drug delivery.