Utility of Biochemical Markers in Early Detection of Non-Communicable Diseases at the Community Level

Abstract

Background:

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early identification of biochemical abnormalities at the community level plays a crucial role in preventing disease progression and complications.

Objectives:

To assess the utility of selected biochemical markers in the early detection of NCDs and to determine their association with demographic and lifestyle factors.

Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 182 adults aged ≥18 years. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on the WHO STEPS approach, followed by anthropometric measurements and biochemical investigations including fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, and serum creatinine. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Abnormal fasting glucose was observed in 22.0% of participants. Dyslipidaemia was common, with low HDL (67.0%) and elevated triglycerides (29.7%) being the predominant abnormalities. Significant associations were found between increasing age and abnormal fasting glucose (p=0.002), and between higher BMI and dyslipidaemia (p<0.001). Overweight/obesity (AOR 3.12), age >45 years (AOR 2.48), and hypertension (AOR 2.05) were independent predictors of biochemical abnormalities.

Conclusion:

Community-level biochemical screening effectively identifies asymptomatic individuals at risk for NCDs. Incorporating simple laboratory markers into routine primary care screening programs can facilitate early intervention and reduce long-term disease burden.