Therapeutic Potential of Hydroalcoholic Bark Extract of Terminalia arjuna in Dexamethasone-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats
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Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a common secondary osteoporosis caused by prolonged corticosteroid therapy, leading to reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk. Long-term use of conventional therapies may cause adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Terminalia arjuna possesses bioactive compounds with potential osteoprotective effects.
Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of hydroalcoholic T. arjuna bark extract against dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in rats by assessing biochemical, functional, biomechanical, and histopathological parameters.
Methods: Twenty rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 4). Group I served as normal control, while Group II received dexamethasone (7 mg/kg, i.m., 2×/week for 2 weeks) as a negative control. Group III received dexamethasone followed by alendronate (0.2 mg/kg, p.o. 3 weeks). Groups IV and V received T. arjuna extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg orally for 3 weeks. Body weight, serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were estimated. Motor coordination and nociceptive responses were evaluated using rotarod and hot-plate tests, respectively. Bone weight, length, and femur histopathology were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.
Results: Dexamethasone significantly altered biochemical markers, reduced body weight, impaired motor performance, and increased pain sensitivity, confirming osteoporosis induction. Treatment with T. arjuna extract produced dose-dependent improvements in biochemical parameters, functional performance, bone indices, and histological architecture, with the higher dose showing effects comparable to alendronate.
Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic T. arjuna bark extract demonstrates significant osteoprotective activity against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and represents a promising natural therapeutic option.