Convergence Insufficiency: A Comprehensive Review of Prevalence, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Efficacy

Abstract

Convergent insufficiency (CI) is a prevalent visual impairment in binocular vision that impacts individuals of all age groups. The existing literature on CI provides an overview of recent studies on how common it is, the various treatment choices available, and the results. The review includes observational studies, RCTs, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews conducted between 1988 and 2023. Additional significant findings point to the value of interventions like virtual reality therapy, orthotic treatments, and vision therapy. Based on available data, these therapies have the potential to greatly reduce symptoms and improve binocular vision in both adults and children. Additional research is necessary due to issues related to long-term effectiveness and adherence. This review is intended to serve as a guide for clinical decision-making and improve understanding of CI management strategies.