Biochemical Markers in the Diagnosis and Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions globally, characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. The accurate diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression are essential for early intervention and improved patient outcomes. This review examines the current and emerging biochemical markers utilized in the diagnosis and progression assessment of T2DM, including glycemic markers, β-cell function indicators, inflammatory biomarkers, and novel molecular markers. We synthesize evidence from recent literature (2020-2025) highlighting the advantages, limitations, and clinical applications of these markers. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide, proinsulin, and emerging biomarkers such as glycated albumin and novel inflammatory markers. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the current biomarker landscape in T2DM diagnosis and disease surveillance, facilitating evidence-based clinical decision-making.