Biodegradable Polymers: Journey Through Innovation and Sustainability

Abstract

Introduction: The mounting ecological impact of synthetic plastics has intensified global efforts to develop biodegradable polymers as sustainable alternatives. Over the past thirty years, progress in polymer science, biotechnology, and materials engineering has advanced these polymers from specialized research interests to widely applicable materials in packaging, agriculture, and biomedical fields.

Objectives: This review explores the evolution of biodegradable polymers, highlighting the role of molecular design, processing methods, and degradation pathways. Special focus is placed on renewable feedstock-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and starch-derived blends, which embody principles of green chemistry and circular economy.

Methods: Redesigning products for reuse and recyclability, Scaling up biodegradable and compostable alternatives, Investing in waste infrastructure and circular business models, Implementing economic instruments such as plastic taxes and EPR, Enhancing public awareness and education.

Results: Recent advances in utilizing agricultural residues, including lignocellulosic biomass and coconut husk fibers, demonstrate the potential of waste valorization in reducing carbon emissions and raw material dependence.

Conclusions: Nanocomposite strategies and functional modifications have further expanded performance, improving strength, barrier properties, and biodegradation control. Despite these gains, challenges in cost, scalability, and standardized metrics remain, requiring supportive policies and industrial collaboration for mainstream adoption.