Standardization And Safety Evaluation of Kasis and Swarnamakshik Bhasma: From Traditional Preparation to Cell Line Studies

Abstract

Introduction: Kasis Bhasma (ferrous sulfate) and Swarnamakshik Bhasma (copper iron sulfide) are important Ayurvedic formulations traditionally used for iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Standardization is essential to ensure safety, consistency, and global acceptance of these medicines.

Objectives: This study aimed to prepare and evaluate both Bhasmas using classical Ayurvedic methods, along with modern analytical tools, to establish their composition, nanoscale characteristics, safety, and therapeutic relevance in the management of IDA.

Methods: Formulations were prepared through Shodhana (purification) and Marana (calcination) and characterized using UV spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). MTT cytotoxicity assay was performed on Caco2- human intestinal epithelial cells.

Results: Kasis Bhasma showed high iron content (1,199.169 mg/kg), while Swarnamakshik Bhasma contained both iron and copper (52.13 mg/kg and 61.76 mg/kg, respectively). Particle size analysis confirmed nanoscale dimensions (123–199 nm; polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2), thereby enhancing bioavailability. XRD revealed crystalline structures, with toxic heavy metals below detection limits, and essential trace elements (Zn, Ca, Mg) were present. Cytotoxicity assays indicated >80% cell viability, confirming the safety of the preparations. Kasis Bhasma and Swarnamakshik Bhasma are traditionally administered orally to correct Pandu Roga (iron deficiency anaemia) and restore systemic vitality. Their cytocompatibility was validated on Caco-2 intestinal cells to ensure gastrointestinal safety and biological tolerance of these orally intended herbo-mineral preparations.

Conclusions: The present study has successfully helped in developing a standardized analytical profile of the Kasis and Swarnamakshik Bhasma and have also demonstrated the safety margin of these Bhasmas using cell line studies.