Development of Potentiometric Sensors for Selective Determination of Chlorpheniramine (CPA) with Comprehensive Greenness Assessment
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Abstract
Electrochemical devices, particularly ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), have emerged as robust green analytical instruments that are rapidly advancing and applicable in an increasing array of contexts. This research established and verified an innovative potentiometric sensing technique for the accurate identification of chlorpheniramine (CPA), even amidst its related pharmaceutical components. We compared the performance, advantages and disadvantages of two types of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs): traditional liquid-contact and new solid-contact configurations. The solid-contact electrodes were better than the old design in many ways. For example, they were better for the environment, they could do real-time analysis, they were portable, they were easy to throw away, they didn’t need maintenance, they could be made smaller and they could work with modern microfabrication methods. The solid-state electrode was made of a nanocomposite membrane that used sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin as a supramolecular ionophore and multilayered carbon nanotubes as ion-to-electron transducers. The sensing mixture was easily applied in a single step by simply dropping it onto the surface of the custom-made copper electrodes. The sensors that were made worked well for measuring CPA in both its pure and pharmaceutical forms and had great analytical performance. IUPAC standards were used to judge their work and a statistical comparison with the official reference method showed that there were no major differences. We also used a number of evaluation tools to thoroughly check how green the proposed method was. These tools included the GAM (Green Analytical Method), the Analytical Eco-Scale, the GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index) and the AGREE, algorithm, which includes the twelve principles of green analytical chemistry. The RGB12 whiteness model finally showed that the method is overall sustainable, meaning it works well for both the environment and analysis.