An In-Vitro Evaluation of Nano-Scaled Changing Surfaces Topographies of the Three Commercially Available Rotary File Systems in Biomechanical Preparation of Maxillary Premolars: An Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Original Research Study

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the nano-scaled changing surface topographies of the three commercially available rotary file systems in the biomechanical preparation of maxillary premolars by atomic force microscopy

Materials and Methods: This investigation studied 90 maxillary first premolars, selected for being free from caries and cracks, and stored in saline. After extracting the teeth for periodontal reasons, root surfaces were encapsulated in acrylic resin, and access cavities were standardized. The working length was confirmed with a No. 15 K-file. For the biomechanical preparation Three rotary file systems divided into three groups, group 1 ProTaper Gold, group 2 Wave One Gold (WOG)and group 3 Edge One Fire (EOF) were used for biomechanical preparation. These three Rotary files were analysed with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to evaluate surface topographies and roughness by three parameters: Average Roughness (Ra), Root Mean Square Roughness (Rq) and Maximum Peak Height (Rp).

Statistical Analysis and Results: This study examined 90 maxillary first premolars, categorizing them into three groups based on the rotary file systems used for biomechanical preparation. Each tooth had an access cavity created and was instrumented accordingly. Group 1, with 30 teeth shaped using ProTaper Gold files, showed surface roughness measurements of Ra 160 ± 10, Rq 170 ± 13, and Rp 310 ± 20. Group 2, using Wave One Gold files, had Ra 220 ± 10, Rq 240 ± 15, and Rp 350 ± 20. Group 3, prepared with Edge One Fire files, recorded Ra 150 ± 10, Rq 140 ± 12, and Rp 300 ± 14. The Pearson Chi-Square test assessed statistical significance, with a summary table comparing the effectiveness of the rotary file systems on surface roughness through one-way ANOVA, offering insights for endodontic practices.

Conclusion: This study concluded that WaveOne Gold files have greater surface roughness compared to ProTaper Gold and Edge One Fire (EOF) Endo files, which could impact cleaning and shaping effectiveness. Additionally, the surface characteristics of these files deteriorate with clinical use, leading to increased roughness due to wear and tear. These results highlight the need for further research to better understand the performance of rotary files, which is essential for improving patient outcomes in endodontics.