The Prevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiencies among Medical Students: A Review

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD), characterized by serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH) D) below 20 ng/ml, is a significant global issue affecting an estimated one billion people worldwide. VDD undermines biological organ systems, playing a crucial role in both adaptive and innate immunity, and is linked to chronic musculoskeletal pain and autoimmune disorders. Despite abundant sunlight, VDD is paradoxically prevalent in India due to factors such as cultural dress codes, increasing urbanization, sedentary urban lifestyles, and Indian diets that are typically very low in Vitamin D and lack fortified foods.

Methodology: This study conducted an extensive literature search across major databases, focusing on publications from 2000 to early 2025. The search employed specific terms including "vitamin D," "deficiency," "college students," and "sun protection factors."

Findings: VDD is confirmed to be a widespread issue among college and medical students in India, with key contributing factors being academic demands that limit outdoor exposure, low physical activity, and inadequate nutrition. Notably, a significant lack of awareness regarding VDD prevalence and management was reported among medical undergraduates.

Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of VDD and the evident knowledge gap among future health workers, urgent action is necessary to prevent adverse consequences. Recommendations emphasize implementing targeted training programs for health workers to address the knowledge deficit. Additionally, there is a need for fundamental changes in lifestyle and dietary habits, along with improved food fortification, and the consideration of routine screening for at-risk student populations.