A Comprehensive Understanding of Gut-Eye Axis in Ayurveda

Abstract

The association of the gut with various systems of the body especially through the gut-brain axis has been well studied. In the recent years, studies have established a possible relationship of the gut microbiome and the eye. Diseases such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Uveitis, Glaucoma, Dry Eye Disease have been analyzed and the pathogenesis of these diseases are linked with the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. In the view of this gut-eye axis, therapeutic interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal-microbiota transplantation are highlighted to address the gut microbiota in the treatment of eye disorders. Even though this concept of gut-eye axis has been recently stated, Ayurveda has always given importance to gut health. Changes in Agni (factor responsible for digestion and metabolism) and formation of Ama (metabolic toxins) are considered to be the root causes of all diseases, including Netra rogas (eye diseases). Treatment principle in Ayurveda starts with Deepana (Enhancing digestive fire) and Pachana (Enhancing digestion) in the view of eliminating the Ama and enhancing the Agni. Shodhana (Purificatory therapy) procedures such as Virechana (Therapeutic purgation), Vamana (Therapeutic emesis) and Basti (Medicated enema) have their action as gut cleansing and improving the gut heath. Netra Kriyakalpas (Topical ophthalmic Ayurveda treatments) have a direct impact on the ocular surface microbiome. This review highlights the concepts of Agni and Ama and the possible understanding of Gut-Eye axis in Ayurveda.