Prevalence and Severity of Anemia among Pregnant Women a Clinical Snapshot from Eastern India

Abstract

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern in India, significantly contributing to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite various national programs, the burden remains high, particularly in rural and underserved regions.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and severity of anemia in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Eastern India and identify socio-demographic, nutritional, and obstetric risk factors. The study also aimed to evaluate the impact of targeted nutritional and educational interventions on hemoglobin levels and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,500 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Hemoglobin levels were measured and classified according to WHO standards. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits, BMI, parity, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. An intervention group received targeted nutritional and educational support, and outcomes were compared with a control group.

Results: Anemia was prevalent in 28.6% of participants, with moderate anemia accounting for 65.8%, severe anemia for 32.2%, and mild anemia for 2%. Significant associations were found with younger maternal age (18–22 years), low education, low income, and multiparity. Underweight women had the lowest mean hemoglobin (7.2 ± 1.0 g/dL). Moderate anemia was also seen in overweight/obese women, likely due to inflammation-induced functional iron deficiency. Poor iron-rich dietary intake and consumption of iron absorption inhibitors (e.g., tea/coffee) were notable contributors. Anemia was associated with adverse outcomes, including cesarean sections, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm births, and low birth weight. The intervention group showed significantly improved hemoglobin levels at delivery (9.48 g/dL vs. 7.97 g/dL in controls).

Conclusion: Anemia in pregnancy is multifactorial, with socio-economic, nutritional, and obstetric determinants. Early screening and integrated, community-based interventions focusing on supplementation, dietary education, and reproductive health can effectively reduce the anemia burden and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.