Cancer Biology from an Ayurvedic Perspective: A Conceptual Review

Abstract

Introduction

Cancer, a multifactorial and progressive disorder, is increasingly recognized as a manifestation of chronic inflammation, metabolic imbalance, and immune dysregulation. While modern medicine primarily conceptualizes it as a disease driven by genetic mutations and molecular alterations, Ayurveda provides a distinct lens, viewing cancer as a systemic derangement rather than a localized pathology. According to Ayurvedic principles, the imbalance of Tridoṣa, accumulation of Āma (metabolic waste), and dysfunction of Dhatvagni (tissue metabolism) collectively contribute to the pathogenesis of malignant conditions.

Objectives

The primary objective of this review is to elucidate cancer pathogenesis from an Ayurvedic perspective and to highlight the scope of integrative therapeutic strategies for its prevention and holistic management.

Methods

This review synthesizes classical Ayurvedic concepts with contemporary scientific insights. Traditional texts were analysed for references to pathological processes resembling cancer, including Doṣa vitiation, Āma accumulation, Agnimandya (impaired metabolism), and disease progression described through the framework of Śatkriyakāla. These concepts were then compared with modern biomedical understandings of subclinical inflammation, immune evasion, epigenetic changes, and tumour evolution. In addition, Ayurvedic therapeutic approaches such as Ritucarya (seasonal detoxification), Āhāra-Vihāra (individualized diet and lifestyle), and Rasāyana (rejuvenative therapies) were evaluated for their potential relevance in integrative oncology.

Results

The analysis suggests that Ayurvedic descriptions of chronic doṣa imbalance and āma accumulation parallel modern concepts of systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction underlying carcinogenesis. The progression of disease through stages of śatkriyakāla resonates with current models of tumour initiation, promotion, and progression. Early manifestations, comparable to vraṇasopha (inflammatory swelling), represent critical stages where preventive interventions may be most effective. Ayurvedic modalities, including lifestyle regulation, dietary interventions, detoxification practices, and rasāyana therapy, aim to restore metabolic harmony, enhance immune surveillance, and maintain tissue integrity. These approaches, when integrated with modern diagnostics and systems biology, offer a patient-centred, holistic model for cancer management.

Conclusions

Ayurveda provides a coherent conceptual framework to interpret cancer not as an isolated lesion but as a systemic imbalance. Integrative approaches that combine Ayurvedic principles with scientific validation hold promise for advancing both preventive strategies and long-term management of cancer. Such a holistic perspective underscores the importance of personalized care, aiming not only to reduce disease burden but also to promote overall well-being