Comparative Antidiabetic Effects of Costus Igneus and Eugenia Jambolana in Streptozotocin and Dexamethasone-Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Background: Costus igneus (Insulin plant) and Eugenia jambolana (Jamun) are widely used in traditional medicine for diabetes, yet their comparative efficacy has not been systematically investigated.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the antidiabetic potential of Costus igneus and Eugenia jambolana extracts in experimental models of diabetes.

Methods: Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic using Streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg i.p.) and Dexamethasone (10 mg/kg s.c.). Groups were treated with Costus igneus (200 mg/kg p.o.), Eugenia jambolana (200 mg/kg p.o.), or Metformin (100 mg/kg p.o.) for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, and histopathological changes in the pancreas, liver, and kidney were evaluated.

Results: Both plant extracts significantly reduced FBG and improved lipid abnormalities compared to diabetic controls (p<0.001). Eugenia jambolana exhibited a faster hypoglycemic effect and stronger lipid correction, whereas Costus igneus demonstrated progressive glycemic control and more pronounced β-cell regeneration in pancreatic islets. Histopathological findings confirmed regenerative and protective effects of both extracts, with distinct mechanisms.

Conclusion: Costus igneus and Eugenia jambolana exhibit complementary antidiabetic actions: the former enhances β-cell recovery while the latter rapidly improves glycemic and lipid parameters. Their combined use may provide synergistic benefits in diabetes management.