Metric Analysis of Mental Foramen Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Sex Determination: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Introduction Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in human identification, particularly in    scenarios where only skeletal remains are available. The mandible, being the most resilient craniofacial bone, is frequently utilized for sex determination. The mental foramen (MF) serves as a stable anatomical landmark, retaining its position throughout life, and may therefore be employed as a reliable indicator of sexual dimorphism.

Objectives: To evaluate sex-based differences in the dimensions and interforamen distances of the mental foramen using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), and to assess its applicability in forensic sex determination.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 100 CBCT scans (50 males, 50 females) of individuals aged 18–50 years. Measurements included the height and width of the MF on both sides, as well as lateral and medial interforamen distances, using the lower first premolar as a reference. Data were analyzed statistically to assess sexual dimorphism.

Results: Males exhibited significantly greater MF height on the right side and width on the left side, while females showed greater MF height on the left side (p < 0.05). Both lateral and medial interforamen distances were consistently larger in males compared to females (p < 0.001).

 Conclusions: The present study highlights evident sexual dimorphism in the morphometric characteristics of the mental foramen and interforamen distances. These parameters may serve as reliable adjuncts in forensic sex determination. Larger, population-based studies with advanced imaging tools are recommended to further validate these findings.