Peripheral Vascularisation Patterns of the Human Knee Menisci: Implications from Cadaveric Microvascular Studies

Abstract

Background: The knee menisci play a crucial role in the mechanical and functional stability of the knee joint. Understanding the vascularisation patterns of the menisci is vital for surgical procedures, as it helps in predicting healing responses and the risk of complications following injury. However, studies on the detailed vascular supply to the menisci are limited, particularly in the human cadaveric context. This study aims to explore the peripheral vascularisation patterns of the human knee menisci through cadaveric microvascular studies, offering insights into their clinical implications.

Objective:

1. To identify and describe the vascular patterns of the human knee menisci using cadaveric microvascular studies.


2. To correlate the vascularisation of the menisci with its functional and clinical significance, especially in terms of meniscal repair and healing.


3. To explore the implications of these vascular patterns for surgical interventions such as meniscectomy and meniscal repair.

Methods: This cadaveric study was conducted on 20 human knee specimens (10 left and 10 right) obtained from formalin-preserved cadavers. The vascularisation of the medial and lateral menisci was mapped using a combination of dissection and microvascular techniques. The specimens were injected with colored latex to highlight the vascular structures, and detailed observations were made regarding the distribution of blood vessels in the peripheral and avascular zones of the menisci.

Results: The study found that the peripheral vascular supply of the knee menisci was predominantly concentrated in the outer third, with a marked reduction in vascularisation towards the inner two-thirds, which remained avascular. The vascular network was more prominent in the medial meniscus compared to the lateral meniscus. The vessels were found to enter the menisci primarily through the capsular attachments, and the vascular supply exhibited significant variation across specimens. These patterns correlated with the healing potential of the meniscus and the implications for surgical repair.

Conclusion: The peripheral vascularisation of the human knee menisci is essential for their physiological function and healing after injury. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the vascular anatomy of the menisci, which can aid in improving surgical outcomes, particularly in procedures such as meniscectomy and meniscal repair. The variation in vascular patterns also suggests that individualised surgical strategies may be needed to optimise healing in patients undergoing meniscal surgery.