Assessment of Marine Litter in a Polluted Area of the Mediterranean: The Coast of Annaba (North-East Algeria): Sources, Abundance and Composition

Abstract

Introduction: Marine litter (ML) poses a significant threat to global marine ecosystems, impacting biodiversity, coastal economies, and public health. Most of this waste, especially plastics, originates from land-based activities and accumulates along coastlines, degrading slowly and causing long-term damage. Algeria’s rich coastal biodiversity has been impacted despite national efforts to manage this issue. Previous clean-up efforts in Annaba highlight the need for sustained action to protect these areas.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution, sources, and composition of ML on 13 beaches in Annaba (North-Eastern Algeria) during the first quarter of 2024. By identifying the types and amounts of waste, with a focus on plastics, the study seeks to raise awareness and guide local waste management strategies, essential for future environmental policies in the region.

Methods: The research covered 13 beaches, divided into three zones, based on their proximity to pollution sources. Solid waste, including plastics, wood, glass, metals, textiles, and paper/cardboard, was collected and analysed following protocols adapted to local conditions. The total study area spanned 13,000 m², with waste density calculated using standard formulas. Beach cleanliness was also assessed using the Coastal Cleanliness Index (CCI).

Results: The study showed significant variation in ML types and quantities across the beaches. Joannonville and Sidi Salem were the most polluted, primarily due to human activities and poor waste management, while Plage des Juifs and Belvédère were relatively clean. Plastics, mostly bottles and cigarette butts, were the most prevalent type of waste, accounting for 31%, followed by glass (23%) and unidentified waste (11%). A pollution gradient was observed, with zone Z3, near industrial areas, being the most polluted, while Z1, further from pollution sources, was the cleanest.

Conclusions: The CCI classified Plage des Juifs as very clean (CCI of 1.4), while Joannonville and Sidi Salem were classified as dirty (CCI of 12.2 and 19.8, respectively). Overall, the ML density in Annaba (0.3 items/m²) was lower than the global average but highlighted the urgent need for tailored environmental measures to improve beach quality. The findings will support the development of a waste management plan for the region.