Multimodality Treatment for Sudden Sensoryneural Hearing Loss

Abstract

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an acute, often unilateral condition marked by a rapid onset of hearing loss, typically occurring within 72 hours. Its etiology remains unclear in many cases, which complicates diagnosis and treatment. SSNHL management requires a comprehensive, multimodal approach to improve recovery rates and patient outcomes. Pharmacotherapy, particularly the use of systemic and intratympanic corticosteroids, is the first-line treatment aimed at reducing inflammation and edema in the cochlea. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has shown promise when combined with corticosteroids, enhancing oxygen delivery to the inner ear. Antiviral and anticoagulant therapies may also be considered in specific cases where viral infections or coagulation abnormalities are suspected, although their efficacy remains debated. Rehabilitative strategies, including hearing aids and cochlear implants, play a crucial role in addressing residual hearing loss. Emerging therapies such as regenerative medicine, novel pharmacologic agents, and stellate ganglion block (SGB) are currently under investigation, offering hope for more targeted and effective treatments in the future. This article provides a comprehensive review of these multimodal treatment strategies, offering insight into both established and experimental approaches for managing SSNHL and highlighting the importance of early intervention for optimal outcomes.