Modern Bioanalytical Strategies for Olanzapine Detection and Analysis: An In-Depth Review

Abstract

Olanzapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, is essential for treating psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Given its narrow therapeutic window and potential for significant side effects, precise monitoring of olanzapine plasma levels is crucial to ensure therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. This review provides an in-depth examination of modern bioanalytical strategies employed for the detection and quantification of olanzapine. It explores various advanced chromatographic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the review covers spectroscopic methods, including UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, which offer rapid and cost-effective alternatives, although often requiring derivatization for improved selectivity. Emerging sensor-based approaches, such as electrochemical and optical sensors, are highlighted for their potential in real-time, on-site detection of olanzapine with high sensitivity. These methods benefit from the incorporation of nanomaterials and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), which significantly enhance their performance. The review discusses the advantages and limitations of each analytical strategy, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of olanzapine bioanalysis. It also highlights future prospects, emphasizing the development of hybrid techniques and novel sensor platforms driven by advancements in nanotechnology and materials science. By presenting these advancements, this review aims to guide future research efforts towards improving the analytical performance and clinical applicability of olanzapine detection methods, ultimately contributing to better therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies, and patient outcomes.